The bilateral Left Cerebrum.Occipital Lobe.Middle Occipital Gyrus.Gray Matter.Brodmann area 19 corresponds to higher-order visual association cortex located in the middle portion of the occipital lobe, lateral to the calcarine sulcus and extending toward the temporal and parietal cortices. In the Talairach 2 mm Atlas, this region comprises gray matter involved in complex processing and integration of visual information beyond primary visual features, contributing to object recognition, motion perception, and visuospatial analysis by receiving inputs from Brodmann area 17 and area 18 and projecting to temporal and parietal association areas. Functionally, Brodmann area 19 forms part of the extrastriate visual cortex and participates in transforming basic visual signals into more elaborate perceptual representations, supporting visual memory and multimodal sensory integration. There is no direct link for this specific composite region; a related area is Brodmann area 19.
The bilateral middle occipital gyrus in Brodmann area 19 (association visual cortex) has been implicated in genetic studies primarily through imaging-genetics and GWAS of brain structure and function rather than direct region-specific loci. Variants near genes involved in synaptic development and neuroplasticity, such as BDNF, NRG3, and DISC1, have been associated with occipital or visual association cortex volume and activation, and large neuroimaging GWAS (e.g., ENIGMA and UK Biobank analyses) have linked multiple common variants in pathways related to neurodevelopment, axon guidance, and myelination to occipital gray matter thickness and surface area, though findings are usually reported at the lobe or cortical parcel level instead of BA19 specifically. Functional imaging-genetics studies in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder often show genetically modulated abnormalities in BA19 activation during visual processing or emotional face recognition, with risk alleles in genes such as CACNA1C, ZNF804A, and GRM3 influencing occipital response profiles. Genetic variants associated with migraine, especially in genes involved in glutamatergic signaling (e.g., LRP1, TRPM8, and others identified in migraine GWAS), have been linked to altered visual cortex excitability, implicating BA19 in visual aura and cortical spreading depression. In autism spectrum disorder and dyslexia, polygenic risk and candidate genes related to synaptic function and neuronal migration (such as CNTNAP2 and DCDC2) have been associated with atypical activation and connectivity of BA19 during visuospatial and reading tasks, suggesting a genetically influenced role of this region in high-level visual and language-related processing. Overall, genetic associations for BA19 are largely inferred through its involvement in visual and multimodal association networks impacted by polygenic risk for neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions, rather than through single-region GWAS with highly specific loci.
Overview generated by GPT-4o (2026).
Region ID: 315
Hemisphere: bilateral
Atlas: Talairach labels 2mm
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Full Quality Version: Download MP4
Wali Sidiqyar*, Gaurav Rudravaram*, Elyssa M. McMaster, Trent M. Schwartz, Adam M. Saunders, Kurt G. Schilling, Bennett A. Landman "Introducing SPINS: A Shared Public Visualization Library of Neuroanatomical Structures." Medical Imaging with Deep Learning- short paper
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